Rice Science ›› 2018, Vol. 25 ›› Issue (6): 340-349.DOI: 10.1016/j.rsci.2018.10.004
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Stephan Nascente Adriano(), Fernando Stone Luis
Received:
2017-11-08
Accepted:
2018-04-23
Online:
2018-11-28
Published:
2018-08-20
Stephan Nascente Adriano, Fernando Stone Luis. Cover Crops as Affecting Soil Chemical and Physical Properties and Development of Upland Rice and Soybean Cultivated in Rotation[J]. Rice Science, 2018, 25(6): 340-349.
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Soil attribute | Value |
---|---|
Layer (cm) | 0-20 |
pH | 5.4 |
Soil organic matter (g/kg) | 27 |
K (mmol/L) | 3.8 |
P (mg/L) | 7.7 |
Ca (mmol/L) | 32 |
Mg (mmol/L) | 14 |
Al (mmol/L) | 0 |
H + Al (mmol/L) | 37 |
Cu (mg/L) | 2 |
Zn (mg/L) | 4.4 |
Fe (mg/L) | 32 |
Mn (mg/L) | 26 |
Cation exchange capacity (mmol/L) | 86.8 |
Base saturation (%) | 57.4 |
Sand (g/kg) | 140 |
Silt (g/kg) | 440 |
Clay (g/kg) | 420 |
Table 1 Chemical soil attributes in 2015.
Soil attribute | Value |
---|---|
Layer (cm) | 0-20 |
pH | 5.4 |
Soil organic matter (g/kg) | 27 |
K (mmol/L) | 3.8 |
P (mg/L) | 7.7 |
Ca (mmol/L) | 32 |
Mg (mmol/L) | 14 |
Al (mmol/L) | 0 |
H + Al (mmol/L) | 37 |
Cu (mg/L) | 2 |
Zn (mg/L) | 4.4 |
Fe (mg/L) | 32 |
Mn (mg/L) | 26 |
Cation exchange capacity (mmol/L) | 86.8 |
Base saturation (%) | 57.4 |
Sand (g/kg) | 140 |
Silt (g/kg) | 440 |
Clay (g/kg) | 420 |
2015 | 2015/2016 | 2016 | 2016/2017 | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Cover crop | Cash crop | Cover crop | Cash crop | |
M + C | Upland rice | M+ C | Soybean | |
M + P | Upland rice | M + P | Soybean | |
M + P + U | Upland rice | M + P + U | Soybean | |
Fallow | Upland rice | Fallow | Soybean | |
M + C | Soybean | M + C | Upland rice | |
M + P | Soybean | M + P | Upland rice | |
M + P + U | Soybean | M + P + U | Upland rice | |
Fallow | Soybean | Fallow | Upland rice | |
Cover crop (CC) | Biomass (t/hm2) | |||
M + C | 12.7 b | |||
M + P | 12.4 b | |||
M + P + U | 14.9 a | |||
Fallow | 8.3 c | |||
Crop rotation (CR) | ||||
CC/cash crop (2015/2016) | 9.7 b | |||
CC/cash crop/CC/cash crop (2016/2017) | 18.1 a # | |||
ANOVA (F probability) | ||||
Cover crop (CC) | < 0.001 | |||
Crop rotation (CR) | < 0.001 | |||
CC × CR | 0.2083 |
Table 2 Cover crops and cash crops cultivated during the trials.
2015 | 2015/2016 | 2016 | 2016/2017 | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Cover crop | Cash crop | Cover crop | Cash crop | |
M + C | Upland rice | M+ C | Soybean | |
M + P | Upland rice | M + P | Soybean | |
M + P + U | Upland rice | M + P + U | Soybean | |
Fallow | Upland rice | Fallow | Soybean | |
M + C | Soybean | M + C | Upland rice | |
M + P | Soybean | M + P | Upland rice | |
M + P + U | Soybean | M + P + U | Upland rice | |
Fallow | Soybean | Fallow | Upland rice | |
Cover crop (CC) | Biomass (t/hm2) | |||
M + C | 12.7 b | |||
M + P | 12.4 b | |||
M + P + U | 14.9 a | |||
Fallow | 8.3 c | |||
Crop rotation (CR) | ||||
CC/cash crop (2015/2016) | 9.7 b | |||
CC/cash crop/CC/cash crop (2016/2017) | 18.1 a # | |||
ANOVA (F probability) | ||||
Cover crop (CC) | < 0.001 | |||
Crop rotation (CR) | < 0.001 | |||
CC × CR | 0.2083 |
Treatment | pH | Ca (mmol/L) | Mg (mmol/L) | Al (mmol/L) | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0-0.05 | 0.06-0.10 | 0.11-0.20 | 0-0.05 | 0.06-0.10 | 0.11-0.20 | 0-0.05 | 0.06-0.10 | 0.11-0.20 | 0-0.05 | 0.06-0.10 | 0.11-0.20 | |||||
CC | M + C | 5.37 a | 5.13 a | 5.08 a | 28.92 a | 19.70 a | 20.49 a | 12.93 a | 8.15 a | 7.58 a | 0.67 a | 1.25 a | 1.08 a | |||
M + P | 5.34 a | 5.12 a | 5.12 a | 28.31 a | 20.32 a | 18.63 a | 13.86 a | 7.76 a | 6.75 a | 0.75 a | 1.25 a | 1.08 a | ||||
M + P + U | 5.30 a | 5.13 a | 5.08 a | 26.92 a | 18.80 a | 18.16 a | 12.65 a | 8.21 a | 7.20 a | 0.92 a | 1.08 a | 1.08 a | ||||
Fallow | 5.29 a | 5.17 a | 5.13 a | 27.63 a | 20.85 a | 21.24 a | 11.54 a | 7.84 a | 7.51 a | 0.75 a | 1.17 a | 1.08 a | ||||
CR | 2016 | 5.10 b | 4.89 b | 4.82 b | 19.79 b | 15.41 b | 13.26 b | 11.46 b | 7.57 b | 5.45 b | 0.92 a | 1.25 a | 1.25 a | |||
2017 | 5.54 a | 5.39 a | 5.38 a | 36.10 a | 24.42 a | 26.00 a | 13.53 a | 8.41 a | 9.08 a | 0.63 b | 1.13 a | 0.92 b | ||||
ANOVA | CC | 0.908 | 0.9706 | 0.891 | 0.8427 | 0.6618 | 0.2028 | 0.8095 | 0.9441 | 0.7225 | 0.7329 | 0.902 | 0.9909 | |||
CR | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.0464 | 0.0187 | < 0.001 | 0.0439 | 0.4978 | 0.0442 | ||||
CC × CR | 0.8826 | 0.9763 | 0.944 | 0.9484 | 0.888 | 0.8778 | 0.7653 | 0.7697 | 0.9344 | 0.8617 | 0.9841 | 0.8044 | ||||
Treatment | H + Al (mmol/L) | P (mg/L) | K (mg/L) | SOM (g/kg) | ||||||||||||
0-0.05 | 0.06-0.10 | 0.11-0.20 | 0-0.05 | 0.06-0.10 | 0.11-0.20 | 0-0.05 | 0.06-0.10 | 0.11-0.20 | 0-0.05 | 0.06-0.10 | 0.11-0.20 | |||||
CC | M + C | 31.33 a | 30.83 a | 29.00 a | 20.15 a | 25.62 a | 29.68 a | 127.50 a | 94.75 a | 88.17 a | 36.72 a | 30.14 a | 28.30 a | |||
M + P | 31.25 a | 30.92 a | 28.33 a | 30.54 a | 26.46 a | 25.93 a | 118.17 a | 87.83 a | 73.25 a | 36.56 a | 30.83 a | 28.06 a | ||||
M + P + U | 29.50 a | 30.75 a | 28.75 a | 23.75 a | 30.36 a | 27.36 a | 114.67 a | 83.58 a | 73.42 a | 37.36 a | 30.53 a | 28.68 a | ||||
Fallow | 38.42 a | 30.25 a | 28.58 a | 28.59 a | 30.27 a | 36.26 a | 120.42 a | 85.67 a | 83.17 a | 35.32 a | 30.83 a | 27.83 a | ||||
CR | 2016 | 41.04 a | 36.00 a | 33.29 a | 26.70 a | 24.60 a | 47.61 a | 104.08 b | 76.67 b | 64.79 b | 35.93 a | 31.08 a | 27.29 a | |||
2017 | 19.21 b | 25.38 b | 24.04 b | 24.82 a | 31.76 a | 12.01 b | 136.29 a | 99.25 a | 94.21 a | 37.05 a | 30.08 a | 29.14 a | ||||
ANOVA | CC | 0.5206 | 0.9741 | 0.9707 | 0.1974 | 0.7736 | 0.4464 | 0.9692 | 0.8592 | 0.5735 | 0.5129 | 0.9127 | 0.9278 | |||
CR | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.6116 | 0.0879 | < 0.001 | 0.046 | 0.0247 | 0.0024 | 0.2552 | 0.2043 | 0.0546 | ||||
CC × CR | 0.34 | 0.9578 | 0.9277 | 0.1564 | 0.6906 | 0.8636 | 0.9581 | 0.5255 | 0.9099 | 0.6703 | 0.6379 | 0.7942 | ||||
Treatment | Cu (mg/L) | Fe (mg/L) | Mn (mg/L) | Zn (mg/L) | ||||||||||||
0-0.05 | 0.06-0.10 | 0.11-0.20 | 0-0.05 | 0.06-0.10 | 0.11-0.20 | 0-0.05 | 0.06-0.10 | 0.11-0.20 | 0-0.05 | 0.06-0.10 | 0.11-0.20 | |||||
CC | M + C | 2.28 a | 3.44 a | 3.40 a | 29.80 a | 25.93 a | 26.38 a | 52.20 a | 52.44 a | 48.94 a | 9.63 a | 8.34 a | 6.89 a | |||
M + P | 2.55 a | 3.66 a | 3.52 a | 28.34 a | 27.22 a | 26.15 a | 55.08 a | 52.85 a | 49.22 a | 10.88 a | 8.87 a | 7.09 a | ||||
M + P + U | 2.44 a | 3.61 a | 3.49 a | 27.84 a | 25.92 a | 23.71 a | 51.56 a | 45.30 a | 43.53 a | 11.74 a | 7.82 a | 6.49 a | ||||
Fallow | 2.52 a | 3.29 a | 3.22 a | 29.48 a | 26.00 a | 24.09 a | 51.25 a | 48.17 a | 46.79 a | 11.26 a | 9.88 a | 7.54 a | ||||
CR | 2016 | 2.72 a | 4.64 a | 4.66 a | 6.87 b | 9.65 b | 9.15 b | 63.16 a | 70.43 a | 62.03 a | 13.08 a | 12.54 a | 9.19 a | |||
2017 | 2.17 b | 2.36 b | 2.15 b | 50.87 a | 42.89 a | 41.02 a | 41.88 b | 28.95 b | 32.21 b | 8.68 b | 4.91 b | 4.81 b | ||||
ANOVA | CC | 0.6257 | 0.1235 | 0.3198 | 0.8056 | 0.8074 | 0.1235 | 0.7912 | 0.3283 | 0.6723 | 0.5129 | 0.3036 | 0.6405 | |||
CR | 0.0016 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.0001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||||
CC × CR | 0.3429 | 0.6396 | 0.9358 | 0.6278 | 0.9549 | 0.2149 | 0.2112 | 0.3219 | 0.8839 | 0.8468 | 0.4202 | 0.6017 |
Table 3 Soil chemical properties (0-0.05, 0.06-0.10 and 0.11-0.20 m in depth) at cash crop harvesting as affected by crop rotations (March 2016 and March 2017).
Treatment | pH | Ca (mmol/L) | Mg (mmol/L) | Al (mmol/L) | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0-0.05 | 0.06-0.10 | 0.11-0.20 | 0-0.05 | 0.06-0.10 | 0.11-0.20 | 0-0.05 | 0.06-0.10 | 0.11-0.20 | 0-0.05 | 0.06-0.10 | 0.11-0.20 | |||||
CC | M + C | 5.37 a | 5.13 a | 5.08 a | 28.92 a | 19.70 a | 20.49 a | 12.93 a | 8.15 a | 7.58 a | 0.67 a | 1.25 a | 1.08 a | |||
M + P | 5.34 a | 5.12 a | 5.12 a | 28.31 a | 20.32 a | 18.63 a | 13.86 a | 7.76 a | 6.75 a | 0.75 a | 1.25 a | 1.08 a | ||||
M + P + U | 5.30 a | 5.13 a | 5.08 a | 26.92 a | 18.80 a | 18.16 a | 12.65 a | 8.21 a | 7.20 a | 0.92 a | 1.08 a | 1.08 a | ||||
Fallow | 5.29 a | 5.17 a | 5.13 a | 27.63 a | 20.85 a | 21.24 a | 11.54 a | 7.84 a | 7.51 a | 0.75 a | 1.17 a | 1.08 a | ||||
CR | 2016 | 5.10 b | 4.89 b | 4.82 b | 19.79 b | 15.41 b | 13.26 b | 11.46 b | 7.57 b | 5.45 b | 0.92 a | 1.25 a | 1.25 a | |||
2017 | 5.54 a | 5.39 a | 5.38 a | 36.10 a | 24.42 a | 26.00 a | 13.53 a | 8.41 a | 9.08 a | 0.63 b | 1.13 a | 0.92 b | ||||
ANOVA | CC | 0.908 | 0.9706 | 0.891 | 0.8427 | 0.6618 | 0.2028 | 0.8095 | 0.9441 | 0.7225 | 0.7329 | 0.902 | 0.9909 | |||
CR | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.0464 | 0.0187 | < 0.001 | 0.0439 | 0.4978 | 0.0442 | ||||
CC × CR | 0.8826 | 0.9763 | 0.944 | 0.9484 | 0.888 | 0.8778 | 0.7653 | 0.7697 | 0.9344 | 0.8617 | 0.9841 | 0.8044 | ||||
Treatment | H + Al (mmol/L) | P (mg/L) | K (mg/L) | SOM (g/kg) | ||||||||||||
0-0.05 | 0.06-0.10 | 0.11-0.20 | 0-0.05 | 0.06-0.10 | 0.11-0.20 | 0-0.05 | 0.06-0.10 | 0.11-0.20 | 0-0.05 | 0.06-0.10 | 0.11-0.20 | |||||
CC | M + C | 31.33 a | 30.83 a | 29.00 a | 20.15 a | 25.62 a | 29.68 a | 127.50 a | 94.75 a | 88.17 a | 36.72 a | 30.14 a | 28.30 a | |||
M + P | 31.25 a | 30.92 a | 28.33 a | 30.54 a | 26.46 a | 25.93 a | 118.17 a | 87.83 a | 73.25 a | 36.56 a | 30.83 a | 28.06 a | ||||
M + P + U | 29.50 a | 30.75 a | 28.75 a | 23.75 a | 30.36 a | 27.36 a | 114.67 a | 83.58 a | 73.42 a | 37.36 a | 30.53 a | 28.68 a | ||||
Fallow | 38.42 a | 30.25 a | 28.58 a | 28.59 a | 30.27 a | 36.26 a | 120.42 a | 85.67 a | 83.17 a | 35.32 a | 30.83 a | 27.83 a | ||||
CR | 2016 | 41.04 a | 36.00 a | 33.29 a | 26.70 a | 24.60 a | 47.61 a | 104.08 b | 76.67 b | 64.79 b | 35.93 a | 31.08 a | 27.29 a | |||
2017 | 19.21 b | 25.38 b | 24.04 b | 24.82 a | 31.76 a | 12.01 b | 136.29 a | 99.25 a | 94.21 a | 37.05 a | 30.08 a | 29.14 a | ||||
ANOVA | CC | 0.5206 | 0.9741 | 0.9707 | 0.1974 | 0.7736 | 0.4464 | 0.9692 | 0.8592 | 0.5735 | 0.5129 | 0.9127 | 0.9278 | |||
CR | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.6116 | 0.0879 | < 0.001 | 0.046 | 0.0247 | 0.0024 | 0.2552 | 0.2043 | 0.0546 | ||||
CC × CR | 0.34 | 0.9578 | 0.9277 | 0.1564 | 0.6906 | 0.8636 | 0.9581 | 0.5255 | 0.9099 | 0.6703 | 0.6379 | 0.7942 | ||||
Treatment | Cu (mg/L) | Fe (mg/L) | Mn (mg/L) | Zn (mg/L) | ||||||||||||
0-0.05 | 0.06-0.10 | 0.11-0.20 | 0-0.05 | 0.06-0.10 | 0.11-0.20 | 0-0.05 | 0.06-0.10 | 0.11-0.20 | 0-0.05 | 0.06-0.10 | 0.11-0.20 | |||||
CC | M + C | 2.28 a | 3.44 a | 3.40 a | 29.80 a | 25.93 a | 26.38 a | 52.20 a | 52.44 a | 48.94 a | 9.63 a | 8.34 a | 6.89 a | |||
M + P | 2.55 a | 3.66 a | 3.52 a | 28.34 a | 27.22 a | 26.15 a | 55.08 a | 52.85 a | 49.22 a | 10.88 a | 8.87 a | 7.09 a | ||||
M + P + U | 2.44 a | 3.61 a | 3.49 a | 27.84 a | 25.92 a | 23.71 a | 51.56 a | 45.30 a | 43.53 a | 11.74 a | 7.82 a | 6.49 a | ||||
Fallow | 2.52 a | 3.29 a | 3.22 a | 29.48 a | 26.00 a | 24.09 a | 51.25 a | 48.17 a | 46.79 a | 11.26 a | 9.88 a | 7.54 a | ||||
CR | 2016 | 2.72 a | 4.64 a | 4.66 a | 6.87 b | 9.65 b | 9.15 b | 63.16 a | 70.43 a | 62.03 a | 13.08 a | 12.54 a | 9.19 a | |||
2017 | 2.17 b | 2.36 b | 2.15 b | 50.87 a | 42.89 a | 41.02 a | 41.88 b | 28.95 b | 32.21 b | 8.68 b | 4.91 b | 4.81 b | ||||
ANOVA | CC | 0.6257 | 0.1235 | 0.3198 | 0.8056 | 0.8074 | 0.1235 | 0.7912 | 0.3283 | 0.6723 | 0.5129 | 0.3036 | 0.6405 | |||
CR | 0.0016 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.0001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||||
CC × CR | 0.3429 | 0.6396 | 0.9358 | 0.6278 | 0.9549 | 0.2149 | 0.2112 | 0.3219 | 0.8839 | 0.8468 | 0.4202 | 0.6017 |
Treatment | BD (t/m3) | TP | Mip | Map | S index | SAC | AWC (mm) | ||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
L1 | L2 | L1 | L2 | L1 | L2 | L1 | L2 | L1 | L2 | L1 | L2 | L1 | L2 | ||||||||
CC | M + C | 1.40 ab | 1.47 | 0.47 b | 0.45 | 0.39 | 0.39 b | 0.079 ab | 0.056 a | 0.023 ab | 0.02 | 0.18 ab | 0.14 a | 7.5 | 7.41 | ||||||
M + P | 1.39 b | 1.46 | 0.48 a | 0.45 | 0.4 | 0.40 b | 0.082 a | 0.056 a | 0.024 ab | 0.02 | 0.19 a | 0.14 a | 7.5 | 7.35 | |||||||
M + P + U | 1.38 b | 1.45 | 0.48 a | 0.46 | 0.4 | 0.40 b | 0.083 a | 0.056 a | 0.025 a | 0.02 | 0.19 a | 0.14 a | 7.6 | 7.2 | |||||||
Fallow | 1.42 a | 1.47 | 0.47 b | 0.45 | 0.4 | 0.41 a | 0.064 b | 0.040 b | 0.021 b | 0.019 | 0.15 b | 0.10 b | 7.4 | 7.45 | |||||||
CR | 2016 | 1.43 a | 1.49 a | 0.47 b | 0.44 b | 0.41 a | 0.40 a | 0.060 b | 0.039 b | 0.021 b | 0.019 a | 0.14 b | 0.10 b | 7.81 a | 7.85 a | ||||||
2017 | 1.37 b | 1.43 b | 0.48 a | 0.46 a | 0.39 b | 0.39 b | 0.095 a | 0.065 a | 0.024 a | 0.029 a | 0.21 a | 0.15 a | 7.18 b | 6.86 b | |||||||
ANOVA | CC | 0.05 | 0.72 | 0.004 | 0.779 | 0.187 | 0.008 | 0.048 | 0.043 | 0.049 | 0.785 | 0.049 | 0.041 | 0.873 | 0.825 | ||||||
Y | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.0001 | < 0.001 | 0.024 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.4914 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | |||||||
CC × Y | 0.052 | 0.799 | 0.129 | 0.57 | 0.078 | 0.102 | 0.077 | 0.638 | 0.33 | 0.469 | 0.056 | 0.656 | 0.25 | 0.101 |
Table 4 Soil physical characters as affected by cover crops, sampling times and soil layers.
Treatment | BD (t/m3) | TP | Mip | Map | S index | SAC | AWC (mm) | ||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
L1 | L2 | L1 | L2 | L1 | L2 | L1 | L2 | L1 | L2 | L1 | L2 | L1 | L2 | ||||||||
CC | M + C | 1.40 ab | 1.47 | 0.47 b | 0.45 | 0.39 | 0.39 b | 0.079 ab | 0.056 a | 0.023 ab | 0.02 | 0.18 ab | 0.14 a | 7.5 | 7.41 | ||||||
M + P | 1.39 b | 1.46 | 0.48 a | 0.45 | 0.4 | 0.40 b | 0.082 a | 0.056 a | 0.024 ab | 0.02 | 0.19 a | 0.14 a | 7.5 | 7.35 | |||||||
M + P + U | 1.38 b | 1.45 | 0.48 a | 0.46 | 0.4 | 0.40 b | 0.083 a | 0.056 a | 0.025 a | 0.02 | 0.19 a | 0.14 a | 7.6 | 7.2 | |||||||
Fallow | 1.42 a | 1.47 | 0.47 b | 0.45 | 0.4 | 0.41 a | 0.064 b | 0.040 b | 0.021 b | 0.019 | 0.15 b | 0.10 b | 7.4 | 7.45 | |||||||
CR | 2016 | 1.43 a | 1.49 a | 0.47 b | 0.44 b | 0.41 a | 0.40 a | 0.060 b | 0.039 b | 0.021 b | 0.019 a | 0.14 b | 0.10 b | 7.81 a | 7.85 a | ||||||
2017 | 1.37 b | 1.43 b | 0.48 a | 0.46 a | 0.39 b | 0.39 b | 0.095 a | 0.065 a | 0.024 a | 0.029 a | 0.21 a | 0.15 a | 7.18 b | 6.86 b | |||||||
ANOVA | CC | 0.05 | 0.72 | 0.004 | 0.779 | 0.187 | 0.008 | 0.048 | 0.043 | 0.049 | 0.785 | 0.049 | 0.041 | 0.873 | 0.825 | ||||||
Y | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.0001 | < 0.001 | 0.024 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.4914 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | |||||||
CC × Y | 0.052 | 0.799 | 0.129 | 0.57 | 0.078 | 0.102 | 0.077 | 0.638 | 0.33 | 0.469 | 0.056 | 0.656 | 0.25 | 0.101 |
Trait | BD | TP | Mip | Map | S | SAC | AWC |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
BD | -0.99* | 0.2 | -0.89* | -0.93* | -0.85* | -0.41 | |
TP | -0.92* | -0.1 | 0.84* | 0.90* | 0.80* | 0.4 | |
Mip | 0.06 | 0.15 | -0.62* | -0.46 | -0.66* | -0.32 | |
Map | -0.87* | 0.83* | -0.43 | 0.96* | 0.99* | 0.49 | |
S | -0.81* | 0.79* | -0.32 | 0.90* | 0.92* | 0.55 | |
SAC | -0.87* | 0.81* | -0.45 | 0.99* | 0.88* | 0.48 | |
AWC | 0.21 | -0.08 | 0.11 | -0.13 | -0.16 | -0.12 |
Table 5 Correlation coefficient (r) among soil physical properties.
Trait | BD | TP | Mip | Map | S | SAC | AWC |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
BD | -0.99* | 0.2 | -0.89* | -0.93* | -0.85* | -0.41 | |
TP | -0.92* | -0.1 | 0.84* | 0.90* | 0.80* | 0.4 | |
Mip | 0.06 | 0.15 | -0.62* | -0.46 | -0.66* | -0.32 | |
Map | -0.87* | 0.83* | -0.43 | 0.96* | 0.99* | 0.49 | |
S | -0.81* | 0.79* | -0.32 | 0.90* | 0.92* | 0.55 | |
SAC | -0.87* | 0.81* | -0.45 | 0.99* | 0.88* | 0.48 | |
AWC | 0.21 | -0.08 | 0.11 | -0.13 | -0.16 | -0.12 |
Treatment | NPP | NGP | TGW (g) | GY (kg/hm2) | N (g/kg) | P (g/kg) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rice | Soybean | Rice | Soybean | Rice | Soybean | Rice | Soybean | Rice | Soybean | Rice | Soybean | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
CC | M + C | 187 a | 72 a | 116 ab | 2.55 a | 25.22 a | 15.68 a | 2 580 a | 3 440 a | 15.5 a | 55.86 ab | 3.02 a | 5.32 a | |||||||||||||||||||||||
M + P | 169 ab | 78 a | 124 a | 2.57 a | 25.08 a | 15.68 a | 2 740 a | 3 310 a | 16.3 a | 56.83 a | 2.98 a | 5.44 a | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
M + P + U | 199 a | 76 a | 100 b | 2.52 a | 26.50 a | 15.91 a | 2 362 ab | 3 538 a | 16.8 a | 55.30 ab | 3.20 a | 5.41 a | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Fallow | 145 b | 74 a | 97 b | 2.53 a | 24.18 a | 15.47 a | 1 981 b | 3 297 a | 16.7 a | 54.72 b | 2.90 a | 5.18 a | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
CR | 2016 | 164 b | 76 a | 119 a | 2.52 a | 25.42 a | 15.36 b | 2 522 a | 3 252 b | 18.1 a | 58.3 a | 3.32 a | 5.92 a | |||||||||||||||||||||||
2017 | 186 a | 75 a | 99 b | 2.56 a | 25.08 a | 16.01 a | 2 301 a | 3 541 a | 14.6 b | 53.1 b | 2.74 b | 4.75 b | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
ANOVA | CC | 0.0421 | 0.4695 | 0.045 | 0.7881 | 0.373 | 0.5353 | 0.0159 | 0.6599 | 0.513 | 0.0173 | 0.3924 | 0.2932 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Y | 0.0218 | 0.5761 | 0.0201 | 0.2683 | 0.7119 | 0.0074 | 0.1767 | 0.0434 | 0.0002 | <0.001 | 0.0003 | <0.001 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
CC × Y | 0.7667 | 0.6116 | 0.0613 | 0.4787 | 0.8953 | 0.3951 | 0.3795 | 0.1899 | 0.4917 | 0.1063 | 0.8534 | 0.3224 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Treatment | K (g/kg) | Ca (g/kg) | Mg (g/kg) | Cu (mg/kg) | Fe (mg/kg) | Mn (mg/kg) | Zn (mg/kg) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Rice | Soybean | Rice | Soybean | Rice | Soybean | Rice | Soybean | Rice | Soybean | Rice | Soybean | Rice | Soybean | |||||||||||||||||||||||
CC | M + C | 2.46 a | 12.20 a | 0.34 a | 2.45 a | 1.36 a | 2.62 b | 4.9 a | 11.1 bc | 33 a | 77 a | 31 a | 22 a | 32 a | 40 a | |||||||||||||||||||||
M + P | 2.44 a | 12.90 a | 0.33 a | 2.52 a | 1.36 a | 2.74 a | 5.1 a | 11.5 ab | 39 a | 84 a | 39 a | 23 a | 33 a | 40 a | ||||||||||||||||||||||
M + P + U | 2.50 a | 12.80 a | 0.34 a | 2.49 a | 1.41 a | 2.75 a | 5.0 a | 12.0 a | 34 a | 81 a | 34 a | 23 a | 34 a | 40 a | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Fallow | 2.44 a | 13.05 a | 0.33 a | 2.52 a | 1.33 a | 2.72 a | 4.4 a | 10.6 c | 34 a | 81 a | 29 a | 22 a | 31 a | 38 a | ||||||||||||||||||||||
CR | 2016 | 2.61 a | 7.98 b | 0.37 a | 2.34 b | 1.48 a | 2.87 a | 4.8 a | 10.9 b | 45 a | 79 a | 38 a | 21 b | 33 a | 41 a | |||||||||||||||||||||
2017 | 2.29 b | 17.49 a | 0.29 b | 2.65 a | 1.25 b | 2.53 b | 4.9 a | 11.7 a | 25 b | 82 a | 28 b | 23 a | 32 a | 38 b | ||||||||||||||||||||||
ANOVA | CC | 0.9462 | 0.6634 | 0.8895 | 0.5922 | 0.7513 | 0.0332 | 0.5219 | 0.0327 | 0.7881 | 0.4918 | 0.4452 | 0.6383 | 0.4684 | 0.7127 | |||||||||||||||||||||
Y | 0.0017 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.0006 | < 0.001 | 0.6535 | 0.0149 | 0.0003 | 0.4498 | 0.0415 | 0.0047 | 0.5356 | 0.0079 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
CC × Y | 0.414 | 0.0955 | 0.76 | 0.1132 | 0.7021 | 0.5705 | 0.754 | 0.0599 | 0.7329 | 0.7714 | 0.309 | 0.5321 | 0.0512 | 0.745 |
Table 6 Yield and nutrition traits in rice and soybean.
Treatment | NPP | NGP | TGW (g) | GY (kg/hm2) | N (g/kg) | P (g/kg) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rice | Soybean | Rice | Soybean | Rice | Soybean | Rice | Soybean | Rice | Soybean | Rice | Soybean | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
CC | M + C | 187 a | 72 a | 116 ab | 2.55 a | 25.22 a | 15.68 a | 2 580 a | 3 440 a | 15.5 a | 55.86 ab | 3.02 a | 5.32 a | |||||||||||||||||||||||
M + P | 169 ab | 78 a | 124 a | 2.57 a | 25.08 a | 15.68 a | 2 740 a | 3 310 a | 16.3 a | 56.83 a | 2.98 a | 5.44 a | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
M + P + U | 199 a | 76 a | 100 b | 2.52 a | 26.50 a | 15.91 a | 2 362 ab | 3 538 a | 16.8 a | 55.30 ab | 3.20 a | 5.41 a | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Fallow | 145 b | 74 a | 97 b | 2.53 a | 24.18 a | 15.47 a | 1 981 b | 3 297 a | 16.7 a | 54.72 b | 2.90 a | 5.18 a | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
CR | 2016 | 164 b | 76 a | 119 a | 2.52 a | 25.42 a | 15.36 b | 2 522 a | 3 252 b | 18.1 a | 58.3 a | 3.32 a | 5.92 a | |||||||||||||||||||||||
2017 | 186 a | 75 a | 99 b | 2.56 a | 25.08 a | 16.01 a | 2 301 a | 3 541 a | 14.6 b | 53.1 b | 2.74 b | 4.75 b | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
ANOVA | CC | 0.0421 | 0.4695 | 0.045 | 0.7881 | 0.373 | 0.5353 | 0.0159 | 0.6599 | 0.513 | 0.0173 | 0.3924 | 0.2932 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Y | 0.0218 | 0.5761 | 0.0201 | 0.2683 | 0.7119 | 0.0074 | 0.1767 | 0.0434 | 0.0002 | <0.001 | 0.0003 | <0.001 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
CC × Y | 0.7667 | 0.6116 | 0.0613 | 0.4787 | 0.8953 | 0.3951 | 0.3795 | 0.1899 | 0.4917 | 0.1063 | 0.8534 | 0.3224 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Treatment | K (g/kg) | Ca (g/kg) | Mg (g/kg) | Cu (mg/kg) | Fe (mg/kg) | Mn (mg/kg) | Zn (mg/kg) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Rice | Soybean | Rice | Soybean | Rice | Soybean | Rice | Soybean | Rice | Soybean | Rice | Soybean | Rice | Soybean | |||||||||||||||||||||||
CC | M + C | 2.46 a | 12.20 a | 0.34 a | 2.45 a | 1.36 a | 2.62 b | 4.9 a | 11.1 bc | 33 a | 77 a | 31 a | 22 a | 32 a | 40 a | |||||||||||||||||||||
M + P | 2.44 a | 12.90 a | 0.33 a | 2.52 a | 1.36 a | 2.74 a | 5.1 a | 11.5 ab | 39 a | 84 a | 39 a | 23 a | 33 a | 40 a | ||||||||||||||||||||||
M + P + U | 2.50 a | 12.80 a | 0.34 a | 2.49 a | 1.41 a | 2.75 a | 5.0 a | 12.0 a | 34 a | 81 a | 34 a | 23 a | 34 a | 40 a | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Fallow | 2.44 a | 13.05 a | 0.33 a | 2.52 a | 1.33 a | 2.72 a | 4.4 a | 10.6 c | 34 a | 81 a | 29 a | 22 a | 31 a | 38 a | ||||||||||||||||||||||
CR | 2016 | 2.61 a | 7.98 b | 0.37 a | 2.34 b | 1.48 a | 2.87 a | 4.8 a | 10.9 b | 45 a | 79 a | 38 a | 21 b | 33 a | 41 a | |||||||||||||||||||||
2017 | 2.29 b | 17.49 a | 0.29 b | 2.65 a | 1.25 b | 2.53 b | 4.9 a | 11.7 a | 25 b | 82 a | 28 b | 23 a | 32 a | 38 b | ||||||||||||||||||||||
ANOVA | CC | 0.9462 | 0.6634 | 0.8895 | 0.5922 | 0.7513 | 0.0332 | 0.5219 | 0.0327 | 0.7881 | 0.4918 | 0.4452 | 0.6383 | 0.4684 | 0.7127 | |||||||||||||||||||||
Y | 0.0017 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.0006 | < 0.001 | 0.6535 | 0.0149 | 0.0003 | 0.4498 | 0.0415 | 0.0047 | 0.5356 | 0.0079 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
CC × Y | 0.414 | 0.0955 | 0.76 | 0.1132 | 0.7021 | 0.5705 | 0.754 | 0.0599 | 0.7329 | 0.7714 | 0.309 | 0.5321 | 0.0512 | 0.745 |
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